This benchmark page compiles sourced, dated figures on how medical device companies budget for marketing across company stage, channel, and device class. It doubles as a diagnostic tool: pull your own numbers alongside the tables below and you can quickly diagnose whether your marketing budget, channel allocation, and customer acquisition cost are in line with medtech norms for your stage. Every figure in the tables below that is attributed to an outside publisher carries a named source with a link to the document that contains it. Ranges labeled "Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate" reflect anonymized data across our medtech client base, presented as directional context alongside published primary-source data. No individual client is identifiable from any figure here.
The motivating question behind this page: AI search engines (ChatGPT, Perplexity, and others) now generate direct answers to "how much should a medical device company spend on marketing" from the sources they deem most credible. Published, dated, sourced benchmark data is the input that earns citations. We built this to be that source.
How Much Should a Medical Device Company Spend on Marketing?
The answer depends almost entirely on company stage. Pre-revenue medtech companies have no revenue base to calculate a percentage against, so budget is typically framed as a percentage of total capital raised. Companies launching a first device commonly plan for 15 to 25% of projected Year 1 revenue, a range published by The Matchstick Group in February 2026 as its own agency planning guidance rather than as survey data. For growth-stage companies (Series B and beyond, scaling commercial operations) we found no published source that establishes a percentage of revenue, so this page does not carry one. Established manufacturers, with predictable revenue and a mature channel mix, tend toward 5 to 10%.
The Gartner 2026 CMO Spend Survey gives the broadest anchor available: marketing budgets rose slightly to 7.8% of company revenue in 2026, from 7.7% in 2025. The 2026 survey was fielded January through March 2026 among 401 CMOs and marketing leaders in North America, the UK and Europe, most at companies above $1 billion in revenue. Gartner does not break out medtech in either edition, and its industry-level cuts are not published outside its licensed research, so treat 7.8% as a cross-industry reference point rather than a device-sector figure.
Table A: Marketing Spend as % of Revenue by Company Stage
| Stage | Typical spend (% of revenue) | Typical monthly $ range | Primary channels | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-revenue / pre-510(k) | N/A (no revenue); 5 to 10% of total raise | $5,000 to $25,000/mo | KOL relationship-building, regulatory-aware brand content, conference presence, scientific abstract support | Both figures are Buzzbox Media aggregated estimates. Not published benchmarks. |
| Early commercial (post-clearance, Year 1-2) | 15 to 25% of projected Year 1 revenue | $20,000 to $100,000/mo | Paid search, conference/exhibit, field sales enablement, SEO, KOL case studies | Percentage: The Matchstick Group (February 2026), agency planning guidance with no published methodology. Monthly range: Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. |
| Growth (Series B+, scaling) | Not established | $50,000 to $300,000/mo | Full-funnel digital, ABM, paid + organic, conference, field sales, PR | Percentage: we found no published source that establishes a growth-stage percentage of revenue for medtech, so this page does not carry one. Monthly range: Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. |
| Established manufacturer | 5 to 10% of revenue | Not established | Brand, demand-gen, channel/distributor support, digital, selective conference | Percentage: Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. Monthly range: we found no published source that establishes one at this stage, so this page does not carry one. |
Sources: The Matchstick Group Medical Device Product Launch Marketing guide (February 2026): 15 to 25% of projected Year 1 revenue for a first-device launch, agency planning guidance with no published methodology. Health Union Strategic Healthcare Marketing Budgeting guide (August 2024): medical device and diagnostics 13 to 18% of revenue; 10 to 14% for aggressive growth generally. Gartner 2026 CMO Spend Survey: 7.8% of revenue across all industries, no medtech cut published. Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate (pre-revenue range as a share of raise; growth-stage monthly dollar range). SG&A for context, from the filings rather than an aggregator: Medtronic reported SG&A of $10.736 billion on net sales of $32.364 billion in fiscal 2024, or 33.2% of revenue (FY2024 Form 10-K, year ended April 26, 2024); Stryker reported SG&A of $7.685 billion on net sales of $22.595 billion, which the company states as 34.0% of net sales (FY2024 Form 10-K). SG&A is not marketing spend and neither company discloses the split, so we do not convert it into a marketing percentage.
A useful sector anchor: the EY Pulse of the MedTech Industry Report 2025 (19th edition, published September 29, 2025) reports global MedTech revenue of $584.0 billion in fiscal 2024, with selling, general and administrative expense of $126.6 billion, or about 21.7% of revenue. EY restated its 2023 SG&A figure to $122.6 billion in this edition after its public-company sample changed, so older citations of that year will not match.
For a broader sector anchor, the MM+M Healthcare Marketers Trend Report 2024 found mean marketing spend rose 19.7% to $9.1 million in 2023, reversing an 8% decline to $7.6 million the prior year. Read that figure with its scope in mind: it covers 234 director-level and above marketers across biopharma and devices/diagnostics combined, with a margin of error of plus or minus 6.4% at 95% confidence, so it is not a device-only number.
What Is the Marketing Budget for an Early-Stage Medtech Startup?
The most specific published guidance we can point to for a first commercial year comes from a single agency. The Matchstick Group, a medical device marketing agency that says it has launched more than 50 medical device brands since 2011, publishes a planning framework in its Medical Device Product Launch Marketing guide (February 2026): 15 to 25% of projected Year 1 revenue for a pre-revenue startup launching its first device, typically $250,000 to $1 million or more in absolute terms. Matchstick presents these as general planning frameworks based on its own client experience. No survey, sample, or methodology is published behind them, and we have not found an independent source that corroborates the ranges, so read this as one agency's rule of thumb rather than an industry benchmark.
Health Union's Strategic Healthcare Marketing Budgeting guide (August 2024) puts medical device and diagnostics marketing spend at 13% to 18% of total revenue, and describes 10% to 14% as the range for aggressive growth generally. Health Union synthesizes these from published agency and trade sources rather than original survey work, and its own chart carries no per-figure attribution, so treat it as directional.
For an established company adding a device to an existing portfolio, Matchstick's guidance drops to 8 to 15% of projected Year 1 revenue for the new product, reflecting the lower market-building cost when distribution channels are already in place.
For pre-revenue companies with no revenue denominator, budget is typically scoped as a percentage of capital raised, with most early-stage device companies allocating 5 to 10% of their raise toward market development and brand building before clearance. Actual dollar ranges run $5,000 to $25,000 per month for this stage, per Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate, and the primary spend goes toward KOL relationship development, conference abstract support, scientific publication strategy, and regulatory-aware brand positioning.
How Do Medtech Companies Allocate Their Marketing Budget by Channel?
No single published survey provides a complete, medtech-specific channel-by-channel budget split. We looked for one. The ranges below are therefore Buzzbox Media aggregated estimates across our medtech engagements, with published context attached to each row where a real source exists. Each row states what is ours and what is published, so you can weight them differently.
Table B: Channel Allocation (% of Marketing Budget) for Medtech
| Channel | Estimated % of marketing budget | Source basis |
|---|---|---|
| SEO / content marketing | 15 to 25% | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. Not a published benchmark. We previously cited First Page Sage's 748% SEO ROI figure here; it measures return on investment, not share of budget, so it cannot source an allocation range. It is listed under Methodology and Sources instead, labeled as an ROI figure. |
| Paid search (Google/Bing) | 10 to 20% | McKinsey projected in 2021 that medtech companies would move toward 40% of marketing budget on digital; that was a forward projection, not a measured figure. Buzzbox Media estimate for paid search alone. |
| Conferences / trade shows / events | 20 to 35% | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate across medtech engagements. Directional context: MM+M Healthcare Marketers Trend Report 2025 reports professional meetings at 73.5% channel usage in 2024, up from 59.0%, among 113 biopharma and device marketers. MM+M cautions that swings that large in a sample that size can reflect a small number of respondents. |
| KOL / peer-to-peer / medical education | 10 to 20% | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate across medtech engagements. No published survey isolates medtech KOL budget share, so treat this range as directional. |
| Sales enablement (collateral, CRM content, tools) | 10 to 20% | MM+M Healthcare Marketers Trend Report 2025: sales reps rebounded to 60.2% channel usage in 2024; collateral investment follows field rep activity. Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. |
| Paid social (LinkedIn-primary) | 5 to 10% | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate across medtech engagements. We have not found a published medtech-specific paid social allocation figure with a disclosed sample, so treat this range as directional. |
| PR / earned media | 5 to 10% | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate across medtech engagements. We found no published figure for PR as a share of total medtech marketing budget that discloses a sample or methodology, so this range is directional. |
McKinsey anchor: "The rise of digital marketing in medtech" (McKinsey Life Sciences, September 2021, survey of approximately 100 medtech companies fielded in early 2021). More than 90% of that sample reported their digital marketing success had improved by 10% or more. McKinsey also projected that the average medtech company would move toward dedicating 40% of its marketing budget to digital. Treat the 40% as a 2021 projection, not a measured allocation, and note the fieldwork is now five years old. Note: the channel allocation ranges above sum to 75% at their low ends and 140% at their high ends, reflecting that companies weight heavily toward their dominant 2 to 3 channels. A single company's allocation will not sum to 140%.
Get the Medical Device Marketing Budget Benchmark Worksheet
Every benchmark on this page in one fill-in worksheet: the spend-by-stage ranges, the channel allocation model, CAC by device class, and Google Ads cost lines, ready to drop your own numbers into. Free, no sales follow-up.
How Much Does Medical Device Google Ads Cost Per Click?
Healthcare search ads averaged $5.64 per click, about 6% higher year over year, across 3,542 US campaigns measured October 2024 through September 2025 (LocaliQ, Healthcare Search Ads Benchmarks for 16 Specialties). LocaliQ notes that its published averages are median figures. B2B medical equipment keywords, which target procurement professionals, biomedical engineers, and physician buyers rather than consumers, carry a buyer-intent premium. LocaliQ's highest-CPC healthcare specialty is orthodontics at $8.76, followed by hearing aids and care at $8.00, emergency dentistry and oral-maxillofacial surgery at $7.85, and general dentistry at $7.03. Those are consumer-facing specialties and are not a proxy for medical specialties. The $6 to $12 estimated range for B2B medical device keywords, and $12 to $30 or more for high-competition surgical and capital equipment keywords, is a Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate from our own client accounts. We publish it as our data, not as a published industry benchmark.
Table C: Cost Benchmarks by Activity
C1: Google Ads Cost Benchmarks for Medical Equipment
| Metric | Value | Source | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare (broad) avg CPC | $5.64 | LocaliQ Healthcare Search Ads Benchmarks (n=3,542 US campaigns, Oct 2024 to Sep 2025) | 2025 |
| Physicians and surgeons avg CPC | $4.76 | LocaliQ all-industry search ads benchmarks (2026 data; WordStream reported $5.00 on April 2024 to March 2025 data) | 2026 |
| Medical equipment B2B CPC (estimated) | $6.00 to $12.00 | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate from our own client accounts. Not a published benchmark. | 2025 |
| High-competition surgical/capital equipment CPC (estimated) | $12.00 to $30.00+ | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate from our own client accounts. Not a published benchmark. | 2025 |
C2: Content Cost per Pillar Page (Medtech)
| Content type | Cost range | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Standard B2B long-form article (500 to 1,500+ words) | $400 to $3,000 per piece | Content Matterz (December 2024) defines long-form as 500 to 1500+ words and prices those posts at $400 to $2,500+; Windmill Growth (April 2026) prices a specialist long-form article at $600 to $3,000 and treats a 1,500-word SEO post as one level of effort. The word count on this row is the source's own definition, not ours. Agency published pricing, not survey data. |
| Medtech regulated pillar page (4,500+ words, clinical keyword targeting, named expert author, literature citations) | $3,500 to $10,000+ per piece | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. Not a published benchmark. |
| Monthly content retainer (strategy + 4 to 8 pieces/month, mid-market medtech) | $5,000 to $15,000/month | Column Five Media (2026) puts most B2B content retainers at $5,000 to $15,000/month; Content Matterz describes that band as roughly 4 to 8 posts/month plus strategy. Windmill Growth (April 2026) gives a wider $4,000 to $20,000. Agency published pricing, not survey data. |
C3: Conference and Trade Show ROI Benchmarks
This table is deliberately short. We traced the per-show spend, purchase-likelihood, cost-per-lead and share-of-new-business figures that circulate in trade show roundups back to their origins, and every chain ended at a vendor blog, an unlinked source list, or a document no reader can open. Rather than repeat them with a softer verb, we removed them. What remains are the targets Buzzbox Media plans against.
| Metric | Value | Source | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| First-year conference exhibit ROI target | 3:1 | Buzzbox Media's own guidance, from our Medical Conference Exhibitor Guide. Not an external benchmark. | 2026 |
| Established program conference ROI target | 5:1 | Buzzbox Media's own guidance, from our Medical Conference Exhibitor Guide. Not an external benchmark. | 2026 |
What Is the Average Customer Acquisition Cost for a Medical Device?
First Page Sage reports a blended medical device customer acquisition cost of $565, splitting to $501 organic and $755 paid, drawn from its own client analytics accounts between January 2022 and August 2025. Sample size is not disclosed. First Page Sage separately reports an average customer acquisition cost of $921 across 34 medtech clients from 2017 to 2025, and a 4:1 LTV to CAC target.
Standing caveat on both figures: every First Page Sage number is that agency's own client-account data, self-reported, with no third-party audit and no confidence intervals. Use them as a labeled agency benchmark, not as neutral industry research.
C4: Typical CAC by Device Class
| Device class | Typical CAC range | Source / notes |
|---|---|---|
| Capital equipment (hospital/health system) | $15,000 to $50,000+ per account | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate across medtech engagements. Reflects 9 to 18 month sales cycles and committee buying. This is a directional range from our own client work, not a published benchmark. |
| Disposables / single-use / consumables | $500 to $5,000 per account (initial) | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. Once an account is opened, reorder CAC is near zero, so LTV makes the initial CAC favorable at 3:1 or better LTV to CAC. |
| SaaS-enabled device / SaMD | $800 to $5,000 per account | Buzzbox Media aggregated estimate. For context, First Page Sage reports a $921 average CAC across 34 medtech clients (2017 to 2025); that is an all-medtech figure, not a SaaS-specific one. A digital-first channel mix yields lower CAC than field-heavy models. |
| Medtech B2B blended average | $565 blended ($501 organic / $755 paid) | First Page Sage, Average CAC by Industry, B2B Edition, drawn from its own client accounts Jan 2022 to Aug 2025. Sample size not disclosed. Agency self-reported, not independent research. |
How Does Medical Device Marketing Spend Change from Pre-510(k) to Commercial Launch?
The commercial launch moment is the single biggest inflection point in medtech marketing spend. Before clearance, companies build foundational assets: KOL relationships, a clinical data narrative, conference abstract submissions, and a brand identity that will hold up under physician scrutiny. The dollar spend is modest relative to what comes next.
At clearance, the spend curve bends sharply upward. The first year of commercial sales requires simultaneous investment in physician education (conferences, KOL programs, peer-to-peer), digital demand generation (paid search, SEO, content), and sales enablement (rep training, clinical sell sheets, objection handling materials). These categories do not build on each other sequentially; they run in parallel. This is why 15 to 25% of projected Year 1 revenue is the right framing: the cost of market creation is front-loaded.
By Year 3 of commercial operation, most medtech companies have established a core channel mix and can begin optimizing spend toward the two or three channels that consistently produce the best CAC. That shift from market-building to market-scaling is what defines the growth stage, though we found no published source that puts a percentage of revenue on it.
For a practical template to build and present a phased medtech marketing budget, see our medical device marketing budget template. For the broader strategy context behind these numbers, the medical device marketing agency overview covers how we structure full-funnel programs by stage. For the paid advertising component, the medical device PPC page covers CPC benchmarks and campaign structure in detail.
Using This Benchmark as a Budget Diagnostic Tool
Beyond reference data, this page works as a diagnostic tool for pressure-testing your own marketing budget. Run your numbers through four quick checks against the tables above:
- Spend-to-revenue ratio. Divide annual marketing spend by revenue (or, pre-revenue, by total capital raised) and compare against Table A for your stage. Landing well below the range for a growth-stage company often signals under-investment in demand generation; running well above the established-manufacturer range can flag inefficient channels.
- Channel allocation. Map your spend by channel against Table B. If conferences and trade shows are consuming far more than the 20 to 35% norm while SEO and content sit below 15%, your mix is likely tilted toward high-cost, hard-to-attribute activity.
- Customer acquisition cost. Compare your blended CAC against the device-class ranges in Table C4. A CAC drifting above the range for your device class is the clearest early warning that a channel needs rework.
- Cost per click and cost per lead. Benchmark your paid search CPC and CPL against Table C1 to separate a channel-efficiency problem from a budget-size problem.
Two or more checks landing outside the benchmark range is the signal to rebuild the plan rather than trim line items. The medical device marketing budget template turns this diagnostic into a phased, defensible budget.
Important Limitations of This Data
No single published survey provides a validated, medtech-specific channel-by-channel budget allocation table. Table B above is built from proxies and Buzzbox Media client data, and should be treated as directional rather than definitive. Google Ads CPC data for medtech B2B keywords is sparse: every published benchmark we could verify is consumer-facing or broad healthcare, so the $6 to $12 B2B range is Buzzbox-derived. Gartner does not publish a medtech industry cut in the CMO Spend Survey, and its industry-level figures sit behind licensed research, so the only Gartner figure we carry is the cross-industry 7.8% for 2026, with the 2025 figure of 7.7% shown only as the prior-year comparison. All Buzzbox Media aggregated estimates reflect anonymized data from client engagements and are labeled as estimates throughout.
In July 2026 we re-traced every externally attributed figure on this page to its origin and removed the ones that did not survive. Cut in that pass: trade show purchase-likelihood and share-of-new-business figures (every chain terminated at a vendor blog), per-show exhibitor spend and cost-per-lead ranges (absent from at least one publisher credited for them), the trade show share of B2B budget (a vendor blog citing a vendor blog), the face-to-face meeting cost comparison (a 2020 paid-contributor post), an HCP product-discovery figure that appears in neither edition of the report it was credited to, a full suite of medical equipment paid-search benchmarks from a vendor page that discloses no sample or methodology, and a pharma KOL budget-share estimate that traced to an unsourced 2018 blog post cited under the wrong year. We would rather publish a shorter table than a well-sourced-looking one.
Methodology and Sources
Methodology. This benchmark combines primary-source industry data with aggregated estimates from Buzzbox Media medtech engagements. Every externally attributed figure carries a named, dated source with a working link to the document that contains it. In July 2026 we re-traced every one of them to its origin and removed those we could not stand behind, which is why several tables here are shorter than they were. Where a figure is a Buzzbox Media estimate, it is labeled as an estimate and represents an anonymized range across engagements, not a guaranteed rate and not attributable to any individual client. No single published survey provides a validated, medtech-specific channel-by-channel budget split, so Table B is a composite built from B2B and healthcare-sector benchmarks alongside our own ranges, and should be read with that caveat. Google Ads CPC data for B2B device keywords is sparse; those specific figures are Buzzbox Media estimates anchored to published healthcare CPC data. Pre-revenue spend is expressed as a share of total raise because no revenue denominator exists at that stage. Data current as of June 2026.
Sources. These are split by class of evidence, because they are not equivalent. Everything in the first group is research with a published sample and field period. Everything in the second is an agency or vendor describing its own clients or its own opinion. We used to present all of it in one list, which flattered the weaker sources.
1. Published research with disclosed methodology.
- MM+M Healthcare Marketers Trend Report 2024 (n=234 director-level and above, biopharma and devices/diagnostics combined, margin of error plus or minus 6.4% at 95% confidence, fielded November 2023 to February 2024): mean marketing spend $9.1M in 2023, up 19.7% from $7.6M. This is the only source on this page that publishes a margin of error.
- MM+M Healthcare Marketers Trend Report 2025 (n=113): professional meetings 73.5% channel usage in 2024, sales reps 60.2%. MM+M cautions that large swings in a sample this size can reflect a small number of respondents.
- Gartner 2026 CMO Spend Survey (401 CMOs and marketing leaders, North America, UK and Europe, fielded January to March 2026): marketing budgets at 7.8% of company revenue across industries, up from 7.7% in 2025. Gartner publishes no medtech industry cut in this survey, and its industry-level figures sit behind licensed research.
- EY Pulse of the MedTech Industry Report 2025 (19th edition, September 29, 2025): global MedTech revenue $584.0B in fiscal 2024; SG&A $126.6B, about 21.7% of revenue. EY restated 2023 SG&A to $122.6B in this edition after its public-company sample fell 9.4% to 394 companies.
- LocaliQ Healthcare Search Ads Benchmarks (n=3,542 US campaigns, October 1 2024 to September 30 2025): healthcare average CPC $5.64, about 6% higher year over year. LocaliQ notes its published averages are median figures. Its all-industry benchmarks (2026 data) put Physicians and Surgeons at $4.76.
- SEC filings, read directly rather than through an aggregator: Medtronic FY2024 Form 10-K (SG&A $10.736B on net sales $32.364B, 33.2%), Stryker FY2024 Form 10-K (SG&A $7.685B on net sales $22.595B, stated by the company as 34.0%), and Abbott FY2024 Form 10-K (SG&A $11.697B on net sales $41.950B, 27.9%).
- McKinsey, "The rise of digital marketing in medtech" (McKinsey Life Sciences, September 2021, approximately 100 medtech companies fielded early 2021): more than 90% reported digital marketing success improved by 10% or more. The 40%-of-budget-to-digital figure was McKinsey's forward projection, not a measured allocation, and the fieldwork is now five years old.
2. Agency and vendor guidance. Useful as labeled context. Not independent research, and in several cases the publisher competes in the channel it reports favorably on.
- First Page Sage, Average CAC by Industry, B2B Edition: medical device CAC $565 blended, $501 organic, $755 paid, from its own client accounts January 2022 to August 2025. Sample size not disclosed.
- First Page Sage, Medtech Marketing KPIs: $921 average customer acquisition cost across 34 medtech clients, 2017 to 2025; 4:1 LTV to CAC target.
- First Page Sage, Marketing ROI by Channel: SEO 748% versus paid search 36%, across 25 or more B2B and B2C industries, Q1 2020 to Q4 2025, average campaign length 2.7 years, minimum 8 clients per channel. Cross-industry and self-reported by an SEO agency, so the comparison favors the channel that agency sells.
- The Matchstick Group, Medical Device Product Launch Marketing (February 2026): 15 to 25% of projected Year 1 revenue for a pre-revenue startup launching its first device; 8 to 15% for an established company adding to an existing portfolio. Agency planning guidance from its own client experience, with no published survey, sample, or methodology.
- Health Union, Strategic Healthcare Marketing Budgeting (August 2024): medical device and diagnostics 13 to 18% of revenue; 10 to 14% for aggressive growth generally. Synthesized from published agency and trade sources rather than original survey work, with no per-figure attribution on its own chart.
- Column Five Media (2026) and Content Matterz (December 2024) content pricing guides, plus Windmill Growth (April 2026). Agency published rate guidance, not survey data.
3. Buzzbox Media aggregated estimates. Anonymized ranges across our own medtech engagements, labeled as estimates everywhere they appear. They are not industry averages and no individual client is identifiable from any figure here.
Removed after tracing, July 2026. We re-traced every externally attributed figure on this page to its origin. Twelve did not survive and are no longer published here. We are describing them by category rather than repeating the numbers, because restating a figure we just disqualified is how it keeps circulating. The categories: trade show purchase-likelihood and share-of-new-business claims, whose citation chains terminate at vendor blogs with no original research; a per-show exhibitor spend range that appears on neither publisher credited for it; a trade show share of B2B budget that was a vendor blog citing a vendor blog; a face-to-face meeting cost comparison drawn from a 2020 paid-contributor post; a physician product-discovery statistic that appears in neither edition of the report it was credited to; a full suite of medical equipment paid-search benchmarks from a vendor page that discloses no sample size or methodology; a pharma KOL budget share traced to an unsourced 2018 blog cited under the wrong year; a content share of B2B budget that appears in no edition of the research it was credited to; a B2B budget roundup with no disclosed sample; a capital equipment acquisition cost attributed to analyses that cannot be named; a conference exhibit space rate that was roughly triple the published one; and a large-manufacturer expense ratio that was off by a full percentage point against the actual filing.